Cov Qauv Hlau Ncej Tsim Rau Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv 4-Story hauv Papua New Guinea

 

Qhov chaw: Papua New Guinea

Seismic Zone: Seismic siv ntawm8 degrees(sib npaug rau PGA ≈ 0.3g raws li ASCE 7 lossis cov lej hauv zos zoo sib xws)

Cua Load: Basic cua ceev =120 km / h (~33.3 m/s)

Daus Load: Tsis muaj

Kev siv tsev:

Qib 1: Chaw nres tsheb (qhov siab=3.8 m)

Qib 2–4: Cov chav tsev so (pem teb - mus rau - pem teb qhov siab=3.7 m, 3.7 m, thiab 3.4 m feem)

Hom Lub Tsev: Tib - txoj kab nqes ru(xav nqes hav=2% rau cov kua)

Sab nrauv phab ntsa: Tsis yog -cov qauv hollow qhob blocks (hauv zos tsim;tsis thauj khoom -cov kabmob)

Pem teb System: Composite steel lawj nrog cam khwb cia-nyob rau hauv- qhov chaw ua vaj tse topping(yuav tsum tau teev)

 

 

Total Building Length: 80 m

Plan Configuration:

East Wing: 55.6 m (L) × 27 m (W)

West Wing: 25 m (L) × 41.7 m (W)

Nco tseg: Txoj kev npaj yogtsis yog - duab plaub, tej zaum L-zoo li tus lossis nqis. Rau kev txheeb xyuas cov qauv, lub tsev raug kho raws li ob qho kev sib txuas nrog kev nthuav dav sib koom ua ke lossis kev sib txuas nruj nyob ntawm kev nthuav dav seismic.

Hom Bay Loj: Xav tias kab sib nrug ntawm7.5m ntevthiab6,0m ua(adjustable rau architectural tswv yim).

 

 

Primary CodeTom ntej: AISC 360-16 (Specification for Structural Steel Buildings)

Seismic DesignASCE 7-16 (los yog sib npaug - yoog rau PNG seismicity)

Cua Load: ASCE 7-16, Tshooj 27 (Cov txheej txheem qhia)

Khoom siv StandardsASTM A992 (beams / kem), ASTM A36 (phaj, cov tswv cuab thib ob)

 

 

 

Cheebtsam	Qhov hnyav (kN / m²)
Steel Deck + 125 mm Qhob Slab (ρ=24 kN/m³)	0.25 + (0.125×24) = 3.25
Qab nthab, MEP, Finishes	0.5
Roofing (hlau lawj + rwb thaiv tsev)	0.3
Hollow Block Phab ntsa (tsis yog - qauv, tab sis siv raws li kab thauj khoom ntawm kab)	~3.0 kN / m(ib meter qhov siab)

 

 

Qib	PEB (kN/m²)	Kev siv
Qib 1 (Parking)	2.5	UAS 7
Qib 2–4 (Hotel)	1.9	ASCE 7 (chaw nyob)
Rooj	0.5	Txhim kho load

 

 

Basic cua ceev:V = 33.3 m/s

Kev nthuav tawm qeb:C(xav tias suburban / nroog struts)

Gust factor:G = 0.85

Siab coefficient (Cp):

Phab ntsa (windward):+0.8

Phab ntsa (leeward):–0.5

Roof (ib - txoj kab nqes):-0.9 - 0.3(nyob ntawm thaj tsam)

Siv ASCE 7 Eq. 27.3-1:
[ q_z=0.613 K_z K_{zt} K_d V^2 I ]
Piv txwv li (K_z=0.85) ntawm nruab nrab-qhov siab (~7 m), (I=1.0), (K_{zt}=1.0), (K_d=0.85):
[ q_z ≈ 0.613 × 0.85 × 1.0 × 0.85 × (33.3)^2 × 1.0 ≈ 0.613 × 0.7225 × 1109 ≈ 490 Pa ≈ 0.49 kN/m² ]

Tsim cua siab:
[ p = q_z G C_p ≈ 0.49 × 0.85 × C_p ]
→ Max phab ntsa siab ≈PEB 0.33 kN/m²(windward), nqus ≈- 0.21 kN/m²(leeward)

Nco tseg: Vim tsawg nce (<15 m), wind governs lateral stability but seismic may control due to high seismicity.

 

 

Spectral teb: Rau 8-degree cheeb tsam, xav tiasS_DS=1.0, S_D1 = 0.6(saib kev kwv yees ib cheeb tsam hloov kho ntawm ASCE 7)

Pawg Risk: II

R-factor (steel moment frame): R = 8(rau Lub Sij Hawm Tshwj Xeeb - SMF)

Yam tseem ceeb: (I_e = 1.0)

Kwv yees Lub Sijhawm Tseem Ceeb:
[ T_a = C_t h_n^x = 0.028 × (14.6)^{0.8} ≈ 0.028 × 8.5 ≈ 0.24 s ]
(tag nrho qhov siab (h_n=3.8 + 3 × 3.7 – 0.3=14.6) m approx.)

Seismic Base Shear:
[ V=\\frac{S_{DS}}{R/I_e} W=\\frac{1.0}{8} W=0.125 W ]
→ 12.5% ​​ntawm tag nrho qhov hnyav- tseem ceeb.

 

 

Luas ≈ (55.6 × 27) + (25 × 41.7) ≈ 1501 + 1043 =2544 m²

3 pem teb nyob + ru tsev ≈ 4 theem

Avg. DL + LL rau pem teb ≈ ({2}}) ≈PEB 5.65 kN/m²

Tag nrho qhov hnyav (W ≈ 2544 × 5.65 × 4 ≈57,500 kN ib

Base shear (V ≈ 0.125 × 57,500 ≈7,200 kN ib

→ Seismic kav hla cuarau lateral design.

 

 

Lateral Force Resisting System (LFRS):

Tshwj xeeb Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBF)los yogTshwj xeeb Moment Frames (SMF)

Muab architectural yooj yooj yim thiab xav tau kev qhib chaw nres tsheb,SCBFnyiam rau kev ua tau zoo thiab ductility hauv siab -seismic zones.

Gravity System:

Composite kab teeb(W-puab nrog shear studs + hlau lawj + pob zeb slab)

Cov kab: HSS lossis W- ntu txuas ntxiv ntawm lub hauv paus mus rau lub ru tsev

Bracing: X-bracing nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si kev taw qhia ntawm staircase/elevator cores thiab perimeter yog ua tau

Rooj: Ib leeg- txoj kab nqes nqes txhawb los ntawm txoj kab nqes lub ru tsev lossis cov ncej tapered; purlins rau saum.

 

 

6.1 Pem Teb Beams (Tswj sab hauv)

Qhov siab: 7.5m

Thauj khoom: (w=(3.25 + 1.9) × 6.0=30.9 kN/m)

Max lub sij hawm: (M=wL^2/8=30.9 × 7.5^2 / 8 ≈ 217 kN·m)

Qhov yuav tsum tau muaj modulus: (Z_x Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau M / (0.9 F_y)=217 × 10⁶ / (0.9 × 345) ≈ 700 × 10³ mm³)

Ntu Kev Txiav Txim: W410×60(Zₓ=773 × 10³ mm³, OK)

6.2 Ntug Beams (nrog phab ntsa load)

Ntxiv phab ntsa load: 3.0 kN / m × 3.7 m =11.1 kN / m

Tag nrho w ≈ 30.9 + 11.1 =42.0 kN / m

M ≈ 295 kN·m →W460×74(Zₓ=942 × 10³ mm³)

6.3 Sab hauv, 4 zaj dab neeg

Luas : 7.5 m × 6.0 m=45 m²

Axial load rau hauv pem teb: (3.25 + 1.9) × 45=232 kN

Tag nrho P ≈ 4 × 232 =928k ua

Ntxiv 20% rau seismic axial teebmeem →P_u ≈ 1,115 kN

Qhov ntev (KL ≈ 0.8 × 3700=2,960 mm)

Kev sim:W250×73(A=9,290 mm², r=119 mm → KL/r ≈ 25 → φPₙ ≈ 0.9 × 345 × 9290 ≈2, 880 kn >>1,115 kN → OK)

Siv W250 × 67 lossis HSS203 × 203 × 9.5 rau kev lag luam

6.4 Cov tswv cuab Bracing (SCBF)

Xav tias bracing ntawm 2 bays rau ib qho kev taw qhia

Seismic story shear per bay ≈ 7,200 / (tus naj npawb ntawm braced thav duab)

Piv txwv li 4 braced thav duab hauv txhua qhov kev taw qhia → ~ 900 kN ib thav duab

Diagonal quab yuam: (F=V / sinθ); θ=45℃→ F ≈ 900 / 0.707 ≈1,270 kN ib

Yuav tsum tau A_g Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 1,270,000 / (0.9 × 345) ≈4,090 m² os

Kev sim: HSS 152 × 152 × 9.5(A=5,200 mm², OK rau nro / compression nrog slenderness check)

 

 

Hlau Deck: Conform® 2.0 lossis Bondek®(qhov profile qhov tob=60 mm)

Qhob Slab: 125 mm tuab, f'c=25 MPa

Shear Studs: 19 hli × 100 hli qhov siab, spaced ntawm300 mm osnrog kab teeb

Composite Action: Tag nrho kev sib cuam tshuam xav tau raws li AISC 360 Tshooj I

 

 

Av Daim Ntawv Qhia Yuav Tsum Tau- xav tias muaj peev xwm nruab nrab (150 kPa)

Kem Reactions: Max ~ 1,200 kN → footing loj ≈ √(1,200 / 150) ≈2.8 m × 2.8 mcais footing

Seismic Anchorage: Anchor rods tsim rau uplift thiab shear ib ACI 318

 

 

Beam-rau-Kum: Bolted kawg daim hlau los yog welded lub sij hawm sib txuas (yog SMF siv)

Brace-rau-Gusset: Whitmore section method per AISC Seismic Provisions

Deck Support: Yooj yim bearing ntawm beam sab saum toj flange

 

 

Yam khoom	Specification
LFRS	Tshwj xeeb Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBF)
Gravity Beams	W410 × 60 (sab hauv), W460 × 74 (ntug)
Cov kab	W250 × 67 lossis HSS203 × 203 × 9.5
Braces	HSS 152 × 152 × 9.5
Pem Teb Deck	60 hli sib sib zog nqus hlau lawj + 125 hli pob zeb
Seismic Base Shear	~ 7,200 kN (tswj tsim)
Cua Siab	~ 0.33 kN/m² (tsis yog- tswj)
Ru tsev Slope	2% ib txoj kab nqes, txhawb nqa los ntawm txoj kab nqes

 

 

Koom nrog hauv zos geotechnical engineer rau av qhia.

Koom tes nrog tus kws tsim vaj tsev los nrhiav cov thav duab braced yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam qhov chaw nres tsheb lossis chav.

Siv corrosion-cov xim tiv thaiv kab mob (C4 ib puag ncig ib puag ncig ISO 12944 - ntug dej hiav txwv PNG).

Muab cov pob qij txha txav yog tias cov tis sab hnub tuaj / sab hnub poob muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj heev.

Ua cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws 3D qauv kev txheeb xyuas siv software (piv txwv li, ETABS, SAP2000) suav nrog P-Δ teebmeem.

 

 

 

Qhov kev kwv yees steel tonnage no suav nrog cov thawj thiab theem nrab cov txheej txheem steel uas xav tau rau lub ntiajteb txawj nqus thiab lateral load-resisting systems ntawm 4-zaj tsev so, suav nrog:

Kab (los ntawm lub hauv paus mus rau lub ru tsev)

Pem teb thiab ru tsev kab teeb (composite design)

Cov tswv cuab (Tshwj xeeb Concentrically Braced Frames - SCBF)

Ru tsev framing (sloped rafters thiab purlins)

Kev sib txuas (kwv yees li 5% ntawm cov tswv cuab tseem ceeb)

Tsis suav nrog:

Hlau lawj (xws li tsis yog- kev txhawb nqa cladding/slab)

Anchor rods, puag daim hlau (nrog rau kev sib txuas nyiaj pub dawb)

Stairs, railings, lwm yam steel

 

 

Lub tsev phiaj xwm muaj ob qhov txuas txuas:

East Block: 55.6 m × 27 m

West Block: 25 m × 41.7 m
→ Tag nrho cov hneev taw ≈2,544 m²

Hom kab kab sib chaws:7.5 m (ntev) × 6.0 m (transverse)

Tus naj npawb ntawm kab:

Sab hnub tuaj thaiv: (55.6/7.5 ≈ 8 bays → 9 kab) × (27/6 ≈ 4.5 → 5 kab) =45 kab

Sab hnub poob block: (25/7.5 ≈ 3.3 → 4 kab) × (41.7/6 ≈ 7 → 8 kab) =32 kab

Tshem tawm sib tshooj ntawm kev sib tshuam (~ 5 kab sib koom) →Tag nrho cov kab ≈ 72

Pem teb: 4 theem (nrog rau lub ru tsev)

Braced thav duab: 2 ib qho kev taw qhia ib qho thaiv →8 tag nrho braced bays

ru tsev nqes hav: 2%, kev txhawb nqa los ntawm txoj kab nqes nqes; tsis muaj trusses

 

 

Muab qhov project qhov xwm txheej raws li pej xeem cov vaj tsev nyob, peb txiav txim siab ntxiv dag zog rau tag nrho cov txheej txheem tsim kom muaj lub tsev ruaj khov nrog lub neej ua haujlwm tshaj 100 xyoo. Txhawm rau ua tiav qhov no, peb tau hloov cov kab ke ib txwm nrog lub thawv- ntu steel kab thiab sau rau ntawm - qhov chaw nrog pob zeb, ua kom muaj zog tag nrho.

 

 

Tshooj:Box hom 400X400x12x12mm(ntaus=146.2 kg/m)

Qhov siab ntawm ib kab:

1: 3,8m

Qib 2–3: 3.7 m txhua

4: 3,4m
→ Tag nrho qhov siab =14.6 m

Tag nrho kab ntev=72 × 14.6 =1,051 m

Kem qhov hnyav=1,051 m × 146.2 kg / m =153,656 kg ≈ 153.7 tonnes

Lus Cim: Cov kab hauv pem teb yuav hnyav dua; qhov no yog qhov nruab nrab.

 

 

Sab hauv BeamsLoj: WH500X290X10X16mm (qhov hnyav=109.6} kg / m)

Qhov siab: 7.5m

Number rau pem teb:

Sab hnub tuaj thaiv: 5 transverse kab × 8 longitudinal bays=40

Sab hnub poob thaiv: 8 kab hla hla × 3 longitudinal bays=24
→ 64 sab hauv kab teeb rau hauv pem teb

Tag nrho rau 3 plag tsev + ru tsev framing=4 × 64 =256 cev

Ntev=256 × 7.5 =1,920 m

Luj=1,920 × 109.6=210, 432 Kg

Ntug / Perimeter BeamsLoj: WH600X200X12X12mm (qhov hnyav=92} kg / m)

Qhov ntev ntawm ib pem teb ≈ 2 × (55.6+27) + 2 × (25+41.7) – sib tshooj ≈290 m / pem teb

Xav tias ntug kab teeb txhua txhua 6 m → ~ 48 ntug kab hauv pem teb

Tag nrho=4 × 48 =192 luj, avg. ncua=6.0 m

Ntev=192 × 6 =1,152 m

Luj=1,152 × 92=105,984 kg ib

Tag nrho Beam Nyhav = 210,432 + 105,984 = 316,416 kg ≈ 316.4 tonnes

 

 

Tshooj:HSS 152 × 152 × 9.5(ntaus=42.5 kg/m)

Braced bays: 8 tag nrho (4 hauv E-W, 4 hauv N-S)

Txhua lub bay muaj 2 kab pheeb ces kaum ib zaj dab neeg → 4 dab neeg × 2 =8 diagonals rau braced ncej kab

Tag nrho cov kab pheeb ces kaum=8 ncej × 8 =64 zog

Avg. kab pheeb ces kaum ntev (rau 7.5 m × 3.7 m bay ntawm 45 degree):
(L=\\sqrt{7.5^{2}}^2} ≈ 8.4 m )

Tag nrho cov brace length=64 × 8.4 =538 m

Brace luj=538 × 42.5 =22, 865 kg ≈ 22.9 tonnes

 

 

Main ru tsev rafters ua raws ib qho - txoj kab nqes profile; sivW310×45(45kg / m)

Qhov nrug: 3.0 m oc (kom txhawb nqa purlins)

Tag nrho lub ru tsev cheeb tsam=2,544 m² → rafter length ≈ lub tsev dav (max 41.7 m)

Tus naj npawb ntawm rafters ≈ 80 m / 3.0 ≈27 riav

Avg. rafter ntev=35 m (qhov hnyav avg. ntawm sab hnub tuaj / sab hnub poob dav)

Tag nrho qhov ntev rafter=27 × 35 =945 m

Rafter hnyav=945 × 45 =42, 525 kg

PurlinsLoj: C200 × 20 × 2.5 (5.5 kg / m), spaced 1.5 m oc

Tag nrho purlin ntev ≈ (2,544 m² / 1.5 m nrug) × 1.0 m =1,696 m

Luj=1,696 × 5.5 =9 ,328kg

Total Roof Steel = 42,525 + 9,328 = 51,853 kg ≈ 51.9 tonnes

 

 

Standard xyaum:5%ntawm tag nrho cov tswv cuab tseem ceeb hnyav

Cov tswv cuab tseem ceeb tag nrho=153.7 + 316.4 + 22.9 + 51.9 =533,9t ua

Kev sib txuas=0.05 × 533, 900 =27,245 kg ≈ 27.3 tonnes

 

 

Cheebtsam	Qhov hnyav (tonnes)
Cov kab	153.7
Pem teb & Ntug Beams	316.4
Bracing (SCBF)	22.9
Ru tsev Framing (Rafters + Purlins)	51.9
Kev sib txuas (5%)	27.3
Total Estimated Structural Steel	572,2t ua

 

 

Tag nrho cheeb tsam hauv pem teb =2,544 m²

Steel ib cheeb tsam=572.2 t / 2,544 m² =225 kg/m²

Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog rau 4-zaj dab neeg seismic- tiv taus steel tsev nrog braced thav duab hauv cheeb tsam siab-seismic.

 

 

Optimization Muaj peev xwm: Kev siv cov bays loj dua los yog txo qis bracing tuaj yeem txo cov tonnage, tab sis seismic xav tau hauv PNG txwv txo.

Local Fabrication: Xav txog cov qauv seem muaj nyob rau hauv PNG lossis Australia (cov seem xws li W-shapes thiab HSS yog suav tias yog).

Kev tiv thaiv corrosion: Tag nrho cov hlau kom tau txais kub -dip galvanizing lossis duplex xim system vim qhov chaw nyob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv.

Muaj xwm txheej: Ntxiv5–10%rau kev tsim kho, kev hloov kho vaj tse, lossis kev nthuav dav tsis zoo →Kev kwv yees zaum kawg: ~ 615-700 tonnes. Yog tias ntxiv qee qhov staircase thiab cov qauv rau nqa, tag nrho yuav nyob ib puag ncig650-750 tonszaum kawg.

Npaj los ntawm: Hangzhou Xixi Building Co., LTD.
Hnub tim: Lub Ib Hlis 16, 2026
Lub hauv paus: AISC 360-16, kev teeb tsa ua ntej, ASCE 7-16 seismic assumptions