Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Cov Qauv Thiab Kev Ntsuas Cov Hlau Hlau Rau Ib Tsib -Zaj Dab Neeg Hlau Ncej

Hauv qab no yog kev txheeb xyuas cov qauv thiab kev kwv yees steel tonnage rau qhov piav qhia tsib - zaj dab neeg steel ncej

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Txhawm rau ua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas muaj txiaj ntsig, cov kev xav hauv qab no tsim nyog tau txais yuav (tseem ceeb rau cov qauv kev lag luam lossis cov khoom siv hluav taws xob):

Pem teb tuag load (DL)PEB: 1.0 kN/m²
(Suav nrog decking, tiav, mechanical/hluav taws xob yog tias muaj, thiab tus kheej - hnyav ntawm cov tswv cuab theem nrab- cov nqaj pib nws tus kheej - hnyav yuav raug ntxiv cais.)

Nyob load (LL)PEB: 2.0 kN/m²
(Ib yam rau lub teeb cia lossis kev saib xyuas; kho yog tias siv sib txawv.)

Ru tsev tuag loadPEB: 0.8 kN/m²

Ru tsev nyob load / daus loadPEB: 1.0 kN/m²

Cua load: Tsis faib rau hauv pem teb ntawm no; lateral resistance handled by bracing (kuaj cais).

 

Bay geometry:

Txhua transverse ncej yog1.6 m dav.

Ntev nrug ntawm cov ncej: 5 bays → [5.6 m, 5.6 m, 2.8 m, 5.6 m, 5.6 m].

Yog li, txhua "pem teb vaj huam sib luag" txhawb los ntawm cov kab teeb tseem ceeb muaj thaj tsam =Luas 1.6 m × bay.

Main kab teeb (W10 × 22)khiavlongitudinally, txuas 6 transverse thav duab ntawm txhua qib. Yog li ntawd, txhua txoj kab hluav taws xob txhawb nqa ib nrab ntawm txoj kab dav dav los ntawm cov bays uas nyob ib sab -tab sis txij li cov qauv tsuas yog1.6 m dav tag nrho, muaj zooob ntug kab teebtxhawb nqa tag nrho 1.6 m dav (los yog ib qho nruab nrab nqaj nrog cantilevers). Rau kev yooj yim, peb xavob longitudinal kab teeb, txhua nqa0.8 m tributary dav.

Txawm li cas los xij, muab qhov dav dav (1.6 m), nws yog qhov ua tau zoo dua los ua qauv hauv pem teb raws liib stripqhov twg ob lub longitudinal W10 × 22 beams ua raws lintug girderstxhawb nqa 1.6 m dav platform.

Yog li,tributary cheeb tsam ib beam per bay = 0.8 m × bay qhov ntev.

Tab sis raukem load xam, peb xav txog qhovtag nrho cov load rau ib transverse ncej.

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Txhua tus ncej transverse (ntawm ib txoj hauj lwm longitudinal) txhawb:

Ib nrab ntawm lub bay mus rau nws sab laug + ib nrab thaj tsam ntawm nws sab xis.

Rau thav duab sab hauv (Frames 2–5):

Tributary length=(sab laug bay + sab xis bay) / 2

Rau qhov kawg ntas (Frame 1 thiab Ncej 6):

Tributary ntev=nyob ib sab bay / 2

Ncej #	Sab laug Bay (m)	Txoj Cai Bay (m)	Tributary Length (m)	Tributary Area per Floor (m²)=1.6 × Lₜ
1	–	5.6	2.8	4.48
2	5.6	5.6	5.6	8.96
3	5.6	2.8	4.2	6.72
4	2.8	5.6	4.2	6.72
5	5.6	5.6	5.6	8.96
6	5.6	–	2.8	4.48

Nco tseg: Tag nrho cheeb tsam=(4.48 + 8.96 + 6.72 + 6.72 + 8.96 + 4.48) =40.32 m²
Luas=25,2 m x 25,2 m²40.32 m²→ ✔️ Ib leeg.

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Tuag Load (DL)= 1.0 kN/m²

Nyob Load (LL)= 2.0 kN/m²

Tag nrho unfactored load= 3.0 kN/m²

Ncej #	Thaj tsam (m²)	DL (kN)	LWB (kN)	Tag nrho Load per Floor (kN)
1,6	4.48	4.48	8.96	13.44
2,5	8.96	8.96	17.92	26.88
3,4	6.72	6.72	13.44	20.16

Ntxiv thiab,tus kheej- nyhav ntawm lub ntsiab nqajyuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv kem loads.

W10 × 22 yuag=32.7 kg/m=0.321 kN/m

Txhua tus ncej txuas rauob beam ntu(sab laug thiab sab xis)

Beam segment lengths=qhov tseeb bay lengths

Piv txwv rau Frame 3:

Luas bay=5.6 m → beam weight=0.321 × 5.6=1.80 kN

Sab xis bay=2.8 m → beam hnyav=0.321 × 2.8=0.90 kN

Tag nrho beam nws tus kheej- hnyav tributary rau Ncej 3 ≈(1.80 + 0.90)/2?→ Qhov tseeb,beam hnyav yog siab txhawb los ntawm txhua kab ntawm qhov kawg, yog li txhua kab ntawm ib lub thav duab nqaib nrab ntawm txhua qhov nyob ib sab beam qhov hnyav.

Yog li,ntxiv ntsug load los ntawm kab ib thav duab hauv pem teb:=0.5 × (sab laug + sab xis) × 0.321 kN/m

Kev suav rau txhua tus ncej:

Ncej	Qhov chaw nyob sib ze (m)	Tag Nrho Qhov Nruab Nrab Ntev (m)	Beam Tus Kheej - Nyhav (kN)
1	[5.6]	5.6	0.5 × 5.6 × 0.321 = 0.90
2	[5.6, 5.6]	11.2	0.5 × 11.2 × 0.321 = 1.80
3	[5.6, 2.8]	8.4	0.5 × 8.4 × 0.321 = 1.35
4	[2.8, 5.6]	8.4	1.35
5	[5.6, 5.6]	11.2	1.80
6	[5.6]	5.6	0.90

Ntxiv qhov no rau tag nrho yav dhau los:

 

Tag nrho ntsug load ib thav duab ib txwm hauv pem teb (Qib 1-4):

Ncej	Thaj Chaw Load (kN)	+ Beam Luj (kN)	Tag nrho ib Pem Teb (kN)
1,6	13.44	0.90	14.34
2,5	26.88	1.80	28.68
3,4	20.16	1.35	21.51

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Lub tsev DL=0.8 kN/m²

Lub tsev LL=1.0 kN/m²

Tag nrho=1.8 kN/m²

Thaj tsam-raws li lub ru tsev load rau ib tug ncej:

Ncej	Thaj tsam (m²)	Roof DL (kN)	Lub tsev LL (kN)	Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus (kN)
1,6	4.48	3.58	4.48	8.06
2,5	8.96	7.17	8.96	16.13
3,4	6.72	5.38	6.72	12.10

Ntxiv tib lub beam nws tus kheej - hnyav (beams tseem nyob ntawm lub ru tsev):

Tag nrho lub ru tsev load ib thav duab:

Ncej	Roof Area Load (kN)	+ Beam Luj (kN)	Total Roof (kN)
1,6	8.06	0.90	8.96
2,5	16.13	1.80	17.93
3,4	12.10	1.35	13.45

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Piv txwv tias tag nrho cov plag tsev zoo ib yam (Qib 1–4) thiab lub ru tsev raws li Qib 5:

Ncej	Thauj khoom / pem teb (kN)	× 4 pem teb	Lub tsev (kN)	Tag nrho kab Load (kN)
1,6	14.34	57.36	8.96	66,3kn ua
2,5	28.68	114.72	17.93	132.7 kN ib
3,4	21.51	86.04	13.45	99.5kn ua

Nco tseg: Cov no yogunfactored kev pab cuam loads. Rau kev tsim, siv LRFD ua ke (piv txwv li, 1.2DL + 1.6LL).

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Lub ntiajteb txawj nqus loadsyog hloov los ntawm 1.6 m dav lawj mus rau longitudinal W10 × 22 kab teeb, ces mus rau W8 × 24 txhua ntawm 6 thav ntawv.

Peak kab axial loadtshwm sim ntawm Frames 2 thiab 5 (~ 133 kN unfactored).

Lateral stabilityyog muab los ntawm:

Vertical X-bracing (L3 × 3 × 1/4) nyob rau hauv tsawg kawg yog ib lub bay (piv txwv li, 2.8 m central bay).

Kab rov tav bracing (C9 × 20) ntawm lub ru tsev (thiab tejzaum nws yog lwm theem) rau diaphragm lateral force rau braced thav ntawv.

Cov qauv yogstatically txiav txim siab hauv lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, thiabbraced-frame cwj pwmtswj cov lus teb tom qab.

Kev pom zoo: Ua ib qho kev soj ntsuam 3D (piv txwv li, siv SAP2000, ETABS, lossis STAAD.Pro) txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov tswv cuab muaj peev xwm, kev sib tw, thiab kev sib txuas rog hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm AISC 360 thiab cov cai hauv zos.

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Xaus ntawm kev tsom xam.

 

Cov cheeb tsam hloov tau: Chile, Philippines, New Credonia, Tonga, Virgin Islands, Reunion Island, Peru ...

Daim ntawv thov: Cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke rau warehousing, Cia, logistics, machinery racking thiab lwm yam tshwj xeeb lub hom phiaj

Cov dab neeg: 5

Tag nrho qhov siab: 12.2 m → nruab nrab zaj dab neeg qhov siab=12.2 / 5 ≈ 2.44 m

Lub tsev dav (kev taw qhia luv): 1.6 m

Lub tsev ntev (ntev kev taw qhia): 25.2 m

Frame bays (transverse thav duab): 6 thav ntawv spaced ntawm [5.6 m, 5.6 m, 2.8 m, 5.6 m, 5.6 m] raws qhov ntev 25.2 m
→ Tag nrho qhov sib nrug ntawm qhov sib npaug=5.6 + 5.6 + 2.8 + 5.6 + 5.6=25.2 m (sib npaug)

Cov tswv cuab tseem ceeb:

Kem: W8 × 24 (ib ASTM A992 lossis sib npaug)

Cov kab teeb loj (girders): W10 × 22

Kab rov tav bracing: C9 × 20 (channel seem)

Vertical (zaj dab neeg) bracing: L3 × 3 × 1/4 (sib npaug- ceg kaum)

 

Tus qauv yog ib pliag- tawm tsam thav duab tom qab stabilized los ntawm kab pheeb ces kaum bracing nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si kab rov tav thiab ntsug dav hlau.

Lub ntiajteb txawj nqus Load Path:
Pem teb loads (tuag + nyob) raug xa mus los ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv pem teb (tsis qhia meej ntawm no) mus rau cov kab teeb loj (W10 × 22), ces mus rau txhua (W8 × 24). Muab qhov dav nqaim (1.6 m), nws zoo li cov kab loj loj hla hla (1.6 m) thiab tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm txhua kab raws li 25.2 m kev taw qhia. Txawm li cas los xij, muab kev coj ua ib txwm ua thiab xaiv cov tswv cuab, nws yog qhov tseeb dua tias:

Covmain beams khiav longitudinally(25.2 m kev taw qhia), kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov kab hla hla txhua txhua ~ 5-6 m.

Tab sis nrog tsuas yog 1.6 m dav, qhov no qhia aib leeg -bay nqaim qauv, tejzaum nws yog tus choj, canopy, lossis cov khoom txhawb nqa ncej.

Muab cov geometry (1.6 m dav × 25.2 m ntev × 12.2 m siab), qhov no zoo lilinear ncej(piv txwv li, ib qho kev txhawb nqa rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob lossis txoj kev taug kev), nrog rau 6 qhov kev hloov pauv (txhua qhov 1.6 m dav) sib nrug ntawm qhov ntev 25.2 m.

Yog li:

Txhuatransverse ncejmuaj ob kab (qhov siab=2.44 m ib zaj dab neeg × 5=12.2 m tag nrho) thiab txuas kab teeb ntawm txhua qib.

Main kab teeb(W10 × 22) tej zaum yuav khiavlongitudinally, txuas cov transverse thav duab ntawm txhua theem hauv pem teb.

Bracing:

Kab rov tav bracing(C9 × 20) ntawm lub ru tsev thiab tejzaum nws theem nruab nrab kom hloov lateral loads rau braced thav ntawv.

Vertical (zaj dab neeg) bracing(L3 × 3 × 1/4) nyob rau hauv ib los yog ntau tshaj bays los muab lateral stiffness tiv thaiv cua / seismic loads.

 

 

Chav ntsuas qhov hnyav (los ntawm AISC Phau Ntawv Qhia):

W8 × 24: 24 lb/ft=35.7 kg/m

W10 × 22: 22 lb/ft=32.7 kg/m

C9 × 20: 20 lb/ft=29.8 kg/m

L3 × 3 × 1/4: nyhav ≈ 4.9 lb/ft=7.3 kg/m ( xam los ntawm cheeb tsam ≈ 1.44 in²)

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A. Kab

Number of transverse ncej: 6

Txhua lub thav duab muaj 2 kab (xws li cov duab plaub)

Tag nrho cov kab=6 × 2=12

Qhov siab ntawm ib kab=12.2 m

Tag nrho kab ntev=12 × 12.2=146.4 m

Kem steel hnyav=146.4 m × 35.7 kg/m ≈5, 226 kg ib

 

B. Main Beams (Longitudinal Girders)

Piv txwv li kab teeb ntawm txhua theem 5 hauv pem teb khiav tag nrho 25.2 m ntev, thiabob kab teeb rau ib theem(ntxiv rau 6 ntawm 1.6 m dav):

Beams rau qib=2

Qib=5

Luas=½ x 5 x 6 x 5=300 m

Beam steel hnyav=300 m × 32.7 kg/m ≈9 ,810kg

Lus Cim: Yog tias cov qauv siv tsuas yog ib lub hauv nruab nrab nqaj lossis sib txawv configuration, kho kom haum. Qhov no suav nrog perimeter framing.

 

C. Kab rov tav Bracing (C9 × 20)

Feem ntau ntsia ntawm lub ru tsev theem thiab tejzaum nws nyob nruab nrab hauv pem teb. Xav tias:

Ib txheej kab rov tav bracing ntawm lub ru tsev (kev npaj bracing ua X lossis ib kab pheeb ces kaum ntawm ib lub vaj huam sib luag)

Panels ntawm thav duab: 5 panels (nruab nrab ntawm 6 ntas)

Diagonal length per vaj huam sib luag ≈ √(5.6² + 1.6²) ≈ 5.82 m (rau 5.6 m bays); 2.8 m bay: √(2.8² + 1.6²) ≈ 3.22 m

Xav tiasX-Bracing hauv ib lub bay nkaus xwb(yam tsawg kawg rau kev ruaj ntseg), piv txwv li, hauv nruab nrab 2.8 m bay:

Diagonals ntawm lub ru tsev: 2 × 3.22=6.44 m

Tej zaum kuj nyob rau theem av lossis nruab nrab: xav tias 3 theem nrog bracing → 3 × 6.44=19.3 m

Tag nrho C9 × 20 ntev ≈ 20 m (conservative)

Nyhav=20 m × 29.8 kg/m ≈5 96kg

Yog hais tias tag nrho kab rov tav trussing yog siv nyob rau hauv txhua theem, kom muaj nuj nqis nce ho. Qhov no yog qhov kwv yees tsawg kawg nkaus. tiag tiag muaj kab rov tav bracing nyob rau hauv txhua lub bay, yog li kev siv tiag tiag yuav ntau dua.

 

D. Vertical (Zaj Dab Neeg) Bracing (L3 × 3 × 1/4)

Xav tiasib braced bayraws qhov ntev (piv txwv li, nruab nrab ntawm Ncej 3 thiab 4, hla 2.8 m bay) nrog X-bracing ntawm txhua zaj dab neeg.

Tus naj npawb ntawm cov dab neeg=5 → 5 bracing panels

Vaj huam sib luag qhov siab=2.44 m, dav=2.8 m

Diagonal length per vaj huam sib luag=√(2.44² + 2.8²) ≈ 3.71 m

Ob kab pheeb ces kaum rau ib lub vaj huam sib luag (X- brace) → 2 × 3.71=7.42 m ib zaj dab neeg

Tag nrho qhov ntev=5 × 7.42=37.1 m

Luj=37.1 m × 7.3 kg/m ≈271kg ua

Yog hais tias ntau bays yog braced, multiply raws li.

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Cheebtsam	Qhov hnyav (kg)
Kem (W8 × 24)	5,226
Lub ntsiab nqaj (W10 × 22)	9,810
Kab rov tav Bracing (C9 × 20)	596
Vertical Bracing (L3 × 3 × 1/4)	271
Tag nrho (kwv yees)	15, 903kg

≈ 15,9m t

Nco tseg: Qhov no tsis suav nrog kev sib txuas, cov phaj hauv qab, cov tswv cuab thib ob, lossis cov decking. Qhov hnyav ntawm fabrication tiag tiag yuav yog 10-15% siab dua vim cov ntsiab lus sib txuas thiab pov tseg.

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Slenderness: W8 × 24 kab (d ≈ 8 nyob rau hauv, A ≈ 7.08 in²) tshaj 12.2 m unbraced qhov siab yuav slender. Qhov txiaj ntsig ntev npaum li cas (K) nyob ntawm qhov kawg. Rau pinned-pinned, KL/r tuaj yeem tshaj qhov txwv tshwj tsis yog braced.Vertical bracing yog qhov tseem ceebkom txo tau cov kab ntev ntev.

Beam Span: W10 × 22 tshaj 5.6 m (yog tias kab teeb hla nruab nrab ntawm cov thav duab transversely) yog tsim nyog rau lub teeb loads. Tab sis yog tias kab teeb hla 25.2 m tsis tu ncua, deflection thiab lub zog yuav tsis txaus- yog li, qhov kev xav tau (cov kab teeb raws li cov kab ntev ntev ntawm cov kab hla hla) yog qhov ua tau zoo dua.

Lateral Stability: Muab los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ntsug X- bracing (resisting cua / seismic) thiab kab rov tav bracing (diaphragm action).

Load Assumption: Tsis muaj kev tuag / nyob / cua loads, qhov no yog kev kwv yees ua ntej. Kev tsim kom ntxaws rau AISC 360 yog xav tau.

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Xaus
Cov lus piav qhia steel yog nqaim, ntau- zaj dab neeg braced thav duab nrog kwv yees steel tonnage ntawmkwv yees li 15.9 metric tons. Cov txheej txheem txheej txheem cia siab rau kab pheeb ces kaum bracing rau lateral stability, thiab cov tswv cuab qhov ntau thiab tsawg tshwm sim txaus rau lub teeb - mus rau - nruab nrab loading, muab cov bracing kom zoo txo ​​cov kab ntev. Kev ntsuam xyuas tag nrho nrog rau kev sib xyaw ua ke, tsim kev sib txuas, thiab kev kuaj xyuas kev pabcuam raug pom zoo ua ntej kev tsim kho.